Are Gender Roles Forced Upon Us - 1435 Words

Are Gender Roles Forced Upon Us? In American culture in the 1950s, men were the predominant head of the household and women were expected to cook, care for their kids, and clean. This is an excellent example of gender roles, and how they control certain aspects of life. Gender roles are, according to multiple sources, the way people behave, what they do or say to express being a female or male. (â€Å"Gender Identity†; Blackstone; Understanding Gender) They are forced upon an individual from the day they are born even in the most trivial of terms of putting baby boys in blue clothes and baby girls in pink. Throughout that person’s life from then on, they will face cultural expectations every day to act according to their sex. Gender roles can often be confusing and hurtful,many stores are moving away from assigning products to a specific gender, but not only can gender roles affect a person’s behavior, it can play a huge role in transgenderism. Many people confus e the definition of gender and sex. â€Å"Gender, on the other hand, refers to the meanings, values, and characteristics that people ascribe to different sexes. Sex is a biological concept, determined on the basis of individual s primary sex characteristics.† (Blackstone) Society gives social cues on the appropriate behavior for each sex. For example, women are to exert more feminine traits such as being dependent, emotional, passive, innocent, nurturing, and/or self-critical. On the contrary, men should be moreShow MoreRelatedAre Gender Roles Forced Upon Us?1482 Words   |  6 PagesAre Gender Roles Forced Upon Us? Remember the 50s in America, how men were the predominant head of the household and women were expected to cook, watch their kids, and clean? This is an excellent example of gender roles, and how they control some aspects of life. Gender roles according to multiple sources are, the way people behave, what they do and say, to express being a female or male. (â€Å"Gender Identity†, Blackstone, Gender Spectrum). They are forced upon an individual from the day thatRead MoreReligion, Religion And Religion Essay1690 Words   |  7 PagesIn Western society, religion plays a vital role in maintaining traditionalism. For instance, growing up as a Christian, I was taught that God loves everyone and forgives us of our sins, but he also condemns homosexuality and gives the consequence for such a lifestyle. Leviticus 20:13 mentions that â€Å"If a man lies with a male as he lies with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination. They shall surely be put to death. Their blood {shall be} upon them†. Basically, I believe that the BibleRead MoreEssay A Western Identity Crisis739 Words   |  3 Pagesimmigrants and is known for its population from a wide array of cultural backgrounds. Living in a westernized society that is so diverse, we are forced to choose an identity for ourselves at one point or another in our lives. Some choose to identify by their outer qualities, while others may identify by their inner qualities. One may identify by their looks, gender, sexuality, political views, or their beliefs. Some may have an identity that is dynamic and ever changing depending on the events faced inRead Moregender socialization992 Words   |  4 Pages Gender: Forced Upon American Society Growing up, many Americans childhood consisted of playing tag outside, having cooties, and experimenting with as many toys as possible. Hundreds of thousands of toys flood kid stores such as Toys R Us, Baby Depot, and KB toys. With imagination, kids are able to become doctors, presidents, and princesses during the contents of one day. Television shows such as Barney or Blues Clues encourage having such imagination, thus inspiring kids to want to becomeRead MoreFreedom, A Birth-Given Entitlement Or A Manmade Privilege?1717 Words   |  7 Pagesneither is the appropriate answer. Freedom is defined by the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint; everyday women are silenced for speaking out or are frowned upon for being independent by not submitting to the heavy-weight of the set standards placed upon their shoulders. Over the centuries, the proposal of women having any rights remained a constant battle that appeared to not have any pre-dest ined ending. In the intervening time that Charlotte PerkinsRead More The Impact of Social Idealogy on Virginia Woolfs To The Lighthouse1179 Words   |  5 Pages This can cause certain groups within a text to be empowered while the other groups are marginalised and constrained by the social restrictions placed upon them by the ideology. In the novel To the Lighthouse by Virginia Woolf, Woolf shows us an awareness of gender politics during the 1920 ¹s Britain by subverting the traditional gender roles but at the same time naturalises notions of class causing certain groups to be constrained.    In the novel Woolf subverts the patriarchial portrayalRead MoreGender, Gender And Sex Are Completely Different Entities919 Words   |  4 PagesContrary to popular belief, gender and sex are completely different entities. Many people live their lives believing the gender and sex are tied to each other. This belief has brought specific gender roles into fruition. In western societies like that of the United States, this diversion can be examined in the nurseries of hospitals. Upon birth, babies do not necessarily have facial feature that define their but female babies are swaddled in pink blankets and males in blue. While many individualsRead MoreTaking a Look at Gender Bias703 Words   |  3 Pagesfashion upon something that is common as well as a true observation, but I do not believe each human being is but a collection of stereotypes. Such as African American and poor, Caucasian and privileged, or Gay and fabulous. I hate to see enforced stereotypes. Meaning those situations within everyday communication or interaction that forces an individual no matter their gender or gender identification to take part in, pressured into, or ridiculed for not participating in so called â€Å"gender norms†Read MoreSocial Construction Theory And Gender Roles1179 Words   |  5 Pagesargues that gender roles, behaviours, and differences are not the natural consequence of minor biological differences, but are instead the result of historical, economic, and cultural forces which have pushed women into social and economic roles and men into others. It sees biology as providing the raw materials, and sees social institutions, culture, history and individual agency as what shape those raw materials into human beings who also happen to be gendered as men, women, and other genders† ( KlementRead MorePersonal Narrative: My Experience with Gender Roles Essay642 Words   |  3 PagesPersonal Narrative: My E xperience with Gender Roles A secret agent. A professional football player. A fire fighter. These would have been my responses when asked that inevitable question, What do you want to be when you grow up? Family, Media and Peers are said to have influenced my views concerning the role I am to play society. All of these factors had one thing in common. They all were influencing me to behave according to my gender. Everything from the clothes I wore to the toys I

Polygamy and Children Free Essays

Imagine a young girl of twelve marrying a man of forty whom she has never seen before and being forced to produce children until her body is physically unable to perform a safe pregnancy. Imagine the girl being brainwashed and beaten for contradicting with a belief held by another man and forced to stay in her community for her entire life without knowing anything of the outside world. This scary world exists not just in imagination, but in the form of marriage known as polygamy. We will write a custom essay sample on Polygamy and Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now Found in almost every country, including the United States but prevalently in Islamic socitey, the practice is considered a right to a select few and a bane to the majority of others. Polygamy is a way of life that should not be allowed in society due to the fact that it creates male-dominated marriages, forces women into subordinate roles, and produces unworkable families full of strife, abuse and incest. Polygamy is a form of marriage in which a person has more than one spouse at a time; it most often occurs in the form of polygyny, when a man has multiple wives. Although the practice has been illegal in the United States for over one hundred years, it is estimated that over 30,000 citizens are involved in plural marriages. Although marriage is considered to be the mutual forming of a bond between a couple, in many polygamous marriages women are forced into the role of wife. They have no choice but to become subservient to their husband. From an early age they are taught of male dominance and are brainwashed by their culture and religion to refuse to the polygamy practice. Practice of polygamy in religion Polygamy is a very ancient practice found in many human societies. The Bible did not condemn polygamy. To the contrary, the Old Testament and Rabbinic writings frequently attest to the legality of polygamy. King Solomon is said to have had 700 wives and 300 concubines. Also, king David is said to have had many wives and concubines. The Old Testament does have some injunctions on how to distribute the property of a man among his sons from different wives. The only restriction on polygamy is a prohibit on taking a wife’s sister as a rival wife. Jews continued to practice polygamy until the sixteenth century. Oriental Jews regularly practiced polygamy until they arrived in Israel where it is forbidden under civil law. The Quran, contrary to the Bible, limited the maximum number of wives to four under the strict condition of treating the wives equally and justly. It should not be understood that the Quran is exhorting the believers to practice polygamy, or that polygamy is considered as an ideal. In other words, the Quran has â€Å"tolerated† or â€Å"allowed† polygamy, and no more, but why? Why is polygamy permissible ? The answer is simple: there are places and times in which there are compelling social and moral reasons for polygamy. As Quranic verse indicates, the issue of polygamy in Islam cannot be understood apart from community obligations towards orphans and widows. Islam as a universal religion suitable for all places and all times could not ignore these compelling obligations. Eventhough that is what Quran said most men practices it due to their success demonstration in their economy and social, us we saw it in Xala movie El hajd didn’t marry his third wife because she was widow or orphan. In most human societies, females outnumber males. In the U. S. there are, at least, eight million more women than men. In a country like Guinea there are 122 females for every 100 males. In Tanzania, there are 95. 1 males per 100 females. What should a society do towards such unbalanced sex ratios? There are various solutions, some might suggest celibacy, others would prefer female infanticide (which does happen in some societies in the world today ! ). Others may think the only outlet is that the society should tolerate all manners of sexual permissiveness: prostitution, sex out of wedlock, homosexuality, etc. For other societies , like most African societies today, the most honorable outlet is to allow polygamous marriage as a culturally accepted and socially respected institution. The point that is often misunderstood in the West is that women in other cultures do not necessarily look at polygamy as a sign of women’s degradation. For example, many young African brides , whether Christians or Muslims or otherwise, would prefer to marry a married man who has already proved himself to be a responsible husband. The problem of the unbalanced sex ratios becomes truly problematic at times of war. Native American Indian tribes used to suffer highly unbalanced sex ratios after wartime losses. Women in these tribes, who in fact enjoyed a fairly high status, accepted polygamy as the best protection against indulgence in indecent activities. European settlers, without offering any other alternative, condemned this Indian polygamy as ‘uncivilised’ After the second world war, there were 7,300,000 more women than men in Germany (3. 3 million of them were widows). There were 100 men aged 20 to 30 for every 167 women in that age group. Many of these women needed a man not only as a companion but also as a provider for the household in a time of unprecedented misery and hardship. The soldiers of the victorious Allied Armies exploited these women’s vulnerability. Many young girls and widows had liaisons with members of the occupying forces. Many American and British soldiers paid for their pleasures in cigarettes, chocolate, and bread. Children were overjoyed at the gifts these strangers brought. A 10 year old boy on hearing of such gifts from other children wished from all his heart for an ‘Englishman’ for his mother so that she need not go hungry any longer. We have to ask our own conscience at this point: What is more dignifying to a woman? An accepted and respected second wife as in the native Indians’ approach, or a virtual prostitute as in the ‘civilised’ Allies approach? It is interesting to note that in an international youth conference held in Munich in 1948 the problem of the highly unbalanced sex ratio in Germany was discussed. When it became clear that no solution could be agreed upon, some participants suggested polygamy. The initial reaction of the gathering was a mixture of shock and disgust. However, after a careful study of the proposal, the participants agreed that it was the only possible solution. Consequently, polygamy was included among the conference final recommendations. Polygamy and its impact on mental and emotional health of women and children Children develop self-esteem and a sense of well-being when they are raised in a nurturing and loving environment. If abandoned by either parent, children may feel unwanted or unloved. When attention and praise are withdrawn, or absent, children often respond by becoming anxious and depresses. we heard many real life story of abused women and children coming rom broken families. I was brought up in a society who are 60% practice polygamy and friend with who are abandoned women and children due to polygamy. Brought up with neglected wives’ and children suffering from emotional abuse and misuse of polygamy, I concluded that Children in polygamous household can experience a greater risk of neglect from their parents when father’s love and support is absent, distorted, or divided unequally. Young children are directly affected by their mothers’ emotions and in polygamous families their rate of depression and anxiety is positively correlated with their mothers’ sense of insecurity and depression. A high number of these children exhibit symptoms of severe depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, self destructive behavior with tendency towards violence. It is emotionally devastating for children when their mothers are abandoned in favor of new wives†. Furthermore, preferential treatment of children according to who is their mother causes a sense of lack of worth for children in polygamous households. Children of the first wife often feel abandoned and unwanted when the father neglects them and their mother, in favor of newer wives and their children. Domestic violence is a serious risk in these households as parents may attack one another or the children of less favored wives, or the children from one mother may attack the children from a different mother. Aside from the actual physical harm experienced by young victims of domestic violence, this abusive environment can seriously affect the victims’ mental development and health. This in turn increases the chance that they become perpetrators of acts of violence. The health of the mother, mentally and physically, also has an effect on the development of the child, as early as in the womb. When a mother feels anxious, this anxiety is transmitted to the child and increases the child’s risk for mental illness. When mothers worry about the stability of the household, children become insecure. This may affect their performance in school or how they interact with family members and other children. In one case, three young sisters supported by Ensan charity center all quit school due to lack of motivation and severe depression. Economically, polygamy makes it even more difficult for a father to provide for all of his children because it becomes more likely that he will have many children. Even fathers who wish to be involved in the lives of all of their children find that they must spend most of their time away from their family in order to provide financial security for their children and wives. When fathers fail to do so, the consequences are dire. Children and mothers experience emotional and financial depravation. In an attempt to find a sense of self-worth, belonging or a father figure, these children are more vulnerable to following people who encourage them to engage in violent behavior. Those children who do not behave aggressively towards others may often turn to drugs or alcohol, experience mental and emotional difficulties, or they may exhibit some kind of behavioral problems. The difficulties of being a supportive, loving father are often noticed by the fathers themselves. One illustration of the difficulties may be found in the International Herald Tribune account of the life of Abdu Hemmed Bekit,, who lives in Qatar with his five wives, 65 children and 82 grandchildren. When interviewed about his large family he says that he regrets not having only one wife. In order to prevent wives from competing with one another, he was forced to build their homes far apart, which made it harder for him to spend time with all of his children. Bekit is so opposed to polygamy that he has forbidden his sons to take more than one wife and has taught all of his daughters to refuse to become second wives. His feelings come not out of shame, but a reality check. He now knows that his wives would become jealous of one another and pick on the weakest ones. On several occasions, he has come across children that he did not realize were his. Feeding, clothing and sheltering so many children have also been large financial challenges for Bekit. However, as a successful businessman of his village, Bekit has been able to provide for his family. But this is often not the case. It is quite common for fathers to abandon their families when they cannot provide for them. Frequently, the eldest sons will drop out of school in order to find jobs to support the family. This in turn makes it more unlikely that he will be able to support his own family when it is time for him to marry. These various difficulties illustrate that the practice of polygamy affects everyone in the family. Polygamy can endanger family, the pillar of the society in the most serious way. If the family structure collapses, the wreckage is felt by all. If a man takes more than one wife, he is commanded to treat them all equally. But, who ensures that all the wives and children are treated equally and justly? Are the men able to recognize their unjust behavior ever? Are those who misuse religion guide-line of polygamy ever able to recognize their unjust behavior? We covered the sad story in Her Three Days and Xala movie, where there any wife or children happy about the third or fourth marriage? Weren’t they very sad? A common theme throughout both Xala and Things Fall Apart is the practice of polygamy. Both texts, examine the effects of polygamous life for both the husband and wives. The ideas of masculinity and femininity within marriage and polygamous society are scrutinized within the novels, giving the reader a broader picture of the cultural dimensions of polygamy. The two texts, varying greatly in style and subject, highlight the differences of both rural vs. urban polygamy and traditional vs. modern polygamy. The marriages of Okonkwo in Things Fall Apart represent traditional, rural polygamy, which is an accepted social norm within Ibo society. Okonkwo’s wives live together in what might be called a â€Å"sisterhood† within the family farm. In contrast, El Hadji’s marriages in Xala represent modern, urban polygamy, a practice that is tied to an individual’s religion (Islam) and economic success rather than the society as a whole. Despite the variances of polygamy within the novels, both highlight the effects on the perception of masculinity and femininity within polygamous relationships. Both novels highlight that the number of wives a polygamous man can acquire and support is a direct reflection on his masculinity. With these wives, he is expected to be a caretaker and provider, but constantly assert his dominance, as to not appear weak. Alternatively, the wives of polygamous marriages are encouraged to be passive and complacent, the picture of perfect feminine etiquette. They are supposed to show no jealousy or hatred towards their fellow wives, even as they compete for their husband’s affections. They are to know their status as objects of their husband. To prevent domestic abuse and social disintegrations, each member of the Society must have an interest for the welfare of women and children. The suffering of neglected wives and children should be everyone’s concern. If authorities do not concern themselves with the family welfare, the society becomes weaker, for the status of families has a profound impact on the strength or the weakness of society. Ultimately, when Women and children suffer, society suffers and pays the price as a whole. How to cite Polygamy and Children, Papers

London and Westminster Bridge Essay Example For Students

London and Westminster Bridge Essay William Blake was born in 1757 into a middle class family. His father was working as a hosier but his mother was keen and the one in charge to educate his son well. Religion had a strong influence on Blake. He started reading the bible from an early age and this gave him inspiration in his later life; he apparently had visions of angels when he was young. He had a talent in drawing and had an endless appetite for reading, especially poetry. During his early career he became a professional engraver and rebelled against contemporary painters e. g. Josh Reynolds, Rubens etc. Later on he married an illiterate French woman called Catherine Butcher in 1792 and was later taught how to read and write and to engrave. Blake used to combine both his art and literacy skills when writing poems which helped other people understand the poem or to create a picture in your mind. In 1827 he died and was buried in Bunhill fields in London. Blake is still remembered as the greatest artist Britain has ever produced. William Wordsworth was born in 1770 in Cumberland in the Lake District with both of his parents dying when he was very young. He was then brought up by his uncles and during this time he felt very isolated and worried. However in 1787 he went to St Johns College in Cambridge and in 1790 went to France to support the Republican Movement. Here Wordsworth met and fell in love with Annette Vallon, a French woman, and had a child with her called Caroline in 1792. Unfortunately, Wordsworth had no choice but to return to England because he had little money to support his wife and child and Britains apprehension with France was increasing. When the United Kingdom and France finally went to war with each other it prevented him seeing Caroline and Annette for a couple of years and he was very emotionally depressed. In 1799, Wordsworth moved back to the Lake District with his close friend Robert Sauthey. Four years later he visited his family in France but then he got married to an English woman, Mary Hutchinson. Wordsworth stopped supporting France and the French Revolution because of Napoleons growing power as emperor; as a result he became a Tory. In 1850 he died and was buried in Grasmere. Wordsworth is still remembered by his influential poetry and literature. Through Blakes and Wordswoths poems their ideas and feelings are put across in many ways however I will mention their ideas first. Both poets believed that poems should be written in simple language and that everything described in them are everyday and familiar. The use of this simple language and familiar subject matter was important because poetry should above all communicate clearly to ordinary people e. g. the working class so they would understand however this was heavily criticized because it was breaking the classical poetry rule. Usually during that period long and verbose poems were written and the Working class wouldnt be able to understand. This was a way of showing off and of course to make to poet seem more intelligent. Blake and Wordsworth were middle class and were highly educated so they saw the exploitation and inequality and they highly disliked the idea of taking advantage of the poor. This is why they both agreed with the French Revolution in some point in their lives. They wanted to educate or teach the working class that issues were similar in Britain and in France; mostly concerning evils of exploitation. Blake also believed that marriage only brought wealth and status to middle class families and that the love wasnt real but was abused. In the 18th Century women were treated like toys, they got forced to get married to a person that their father says, even if she doesnt want to. In addition many husbands were unfaithful to their wives with prostitutes, which brought nothing but misery. Furthermore, Blake disliked the authority greatly including the church. He thought they brainwashed peoples minds (e. g. by the ideas fed to them by the government and the church) as well as exploiting the poor in society. He believed that religion and the church imposed false notions of God and this prevented human beings from understanding or realising their own divine nature. Wordsworth was a Pantheist; he believed that God was in everything. He felt pleasure in watching Gods creations. This way Wordsworth felt that he was communicating with him, it was a religious and a spiritual experience. He thought that the sun, river and city were on the same level as him because they are all parts of Gods creations. He had the ability to see the beauty of creation and this is why he was deeply influenced by his love of nature. Dead Poets Society EssayAnother poetic device that is used in the poem is an Iambic tetrameter. This helps give the whole piece rhythm; like a song it make you remember what was said. The Iambic tetrameter is in every stanza except for the 3rd and 4th stanza where the regularity of the rhythm is lost. The limit of this rhythm scheme suggests the limits set upon the people of London. In Westminster Bridge, the mostly used poetical device is personification; the city wears a garment and the river can glideth at his own sweet will. The personification brings Londons features (in this case the river and London as a whole) to life and more human like. This is very effective because ordinary people can understand this because they can relate to whats been said. In this poem an Iambic pentameter is used, this helps underlying rhythm of the piece but is also used but it also makes it close to natural speech. As a result it makes people remember better how wonderful London really is Earth has/ not an/ything/ to show/ more fair. Finally, the last way they convey their ideas into their poems is through imagery. There is a similar technique used to create the desired picture in people minds and this is through constant repetition. In Wordsworths poem the repetition of Never emphasises his depth of feeling and this is also known as the power of three. He has never seen anything more beautiful than London than in the morning and he wants to share his compassion with the rest of the nation. Whereas In London every cry of man, in every infants cry of fear, in every voice, in every ban there is repletion emphasizing the suffering of everyone, everywhere; this aspect adds to the apocalyptic effect. Wordsworth also includes enjambments, which allows words to flow into the next line so it creates a more natural speech and it separates different themes from each other. As well as this a list in a poem lets the poet pack in the information about what he is seeing, ships, towers, domes, theatres, and temples, in fewer words as possible. The list also reminds people what man made features are remarkable in London because they might take it for granted and so they should admire what they see around them more. Blake mainly just uses short but powerful words to portray an important point; the last stanza of the poem proves this. Unwanted children from prostitutes, with the unknown father, would be born into horrible conditions from the word go. In addition some prostitutes had sexual transmitted diseases (STDs) and so the babies might have deformities e. g. blindness. It makes the newborn infants tear that much worse because it would not be crying for a little bit of food but in fact the appalling life he or she is going to lead. It curses family life by spreading disease and curses the life of the children who are born as a result of the youthful harlots. The disgrace was that the father of the child would continue his normal relation with his wife and inevitably the disease would spread to her as well resulting in death. Blake didnt agree with the attitude of married men and marriage altogether. This is because instead of a union of two people that are in love its the desire of making families wealthier. It was revolved around money which is morally wrong. In conclusion, there are many techniques and poetical devices that both Blake and Wordsworth use to convey their ideas in their poems. The language used in the poems is simple and powerful, so they stand out and make the important points memorable. Another way of emphasizing the ideas was to use rhyme, repetition, alliteration and personification. These techniques were used in the first place to communicate to the working class so that they would understand in the society they were living in. he contrast of the mood and tone between the poems gives the people the choice to believe whether London was a glorious or depressing and corrupt city to live in. These techniques that are able to express ones thoughts and feelings are still used in now-a-days however even if the topic was about politics or social issues it would be different to that of 200 years ago. In my opinion both Blake and Wordsworth were very successful in conveying their ideas because using repetition, personification and simple language I could tell what poet admired and disliked Londons society and civilisation.

Shakespeare Genius or Overrated Essays - William Shakespeare

Shakespeare: Genius or Overrated? Shakespeare is widely regarded as one of the most important writers to ever have lived, if not the most important one. And not just in England, but across the majority of the world. In his time, Shakespeare was regarded as a great storyteller and he was incredibly popular. It did not matter what class you were in, all people could come and enjoy a play by William Shakespeare because he spoke to the common man. Centuries later, we still study him because his stories still resonate today. His compelling characters and diverse stories are still some of the most well written illuminations of the human experience. Shakespeare wrote for the people. And today, all people will have read a Shakespeare play. But I first hand have seen the argument against Shakespeare, especially when I was a high school student. Every time the teacher announced we would read a Shakespeare play next, there was always an audible groan. Many teenagers, and adults for that matter, feel they cannot connect to Shakespeare because of the language. But every year my classmates would rediscover that they could in fact understand Shakespeare's stories. When we read Henry V, every army brat in the room left with the "Band of Brothers" speech memorized. Most girls in the room related to the teen angst of Romeo and Juliet. People who had been cheated on or betrayed felt a strong connection to Othello. And our senior year, reading Hamlet seemed to make us all rethink our futures and who we wanted to be in the next chapters of our lives. So yes, while the difference in language can initially

Capitalism Free Trade essays

Capitalism Free Trade essays A global assembly line is a capitalists dream come true. It allows companies to do business in free trade zones to manufacture goods throughout the world at the lowest possible cost to the company. This assembly line enables companies like Nike, with corporate headquarters in the U.S. w to shut down their factories here, and move over seas where there are less restrictions and cheaper labor. Where as the production cost are drastically less in these free trade zones, so are the human rights laws, especially those pertaining to women, the majority of the work force. By moving its production sites to places like Asia, Nike is able to pay workers sub-minimum wage, on top of allowing the corporation to dodge responsibility for the treatment of its work force. Nike strategists have certainly managed to devise a plan to escape the responsibility and liability of insuring that it assembly line sites are safe, healthy and fair labor places of work, by subcontracting to foreign owned and governed factories. South Korea, the " sneaker capital of the world" is one of these places. According to the article "The Globe Trotting Sneaker" the workers in these assembly factories are predominantly women. The article also highlights the fact that South Korea has a military government that possesses a strong determination to suppress labor organizations. Nike is not blind to this information. These facts only work more for the sneaker typhoon. It allows them to profit legally from under paid, over controlled and unorganized women laborers. A Confucian following culture. In which Korean women except the philosophy that her morality is measured by the amount of hard work she is willing to endure for her families well being and to acquiesce to her father and husbands dictates is yet another benefit that Nike reaps the profits from. The Global assembly line affects every part of the factory workers life both U.S and Korean. T...

USS Saipan (CVL-48) - Cold War

USS Saipan (CVL-48) - Cold War USS Saipan (CVL-48) - Overview: Nation:  United States Type:  Light Aircraft Carrier Shipyard:  New York Shipbuilding Corporation Laid Down:  July 10, 1944 Launched:  July 8, 1945 Commissioned:  July 14, 1946 Fate:  Sold for scrap, 1976 USS Saipan (CVL-48) - Specifications: Displacement:  14,500 tons Length:  684 ft. Beam:  76.8 ft. (waterline) Draft:  28 ft. Propulsion:  Geared steam turbines, 4 Ãâ€" shafts Speed:  33 knots Complement:  1,721 men USS Saipan (CVL-48) - Armament: 10 Ãâ€" quadruple 40 mm guns Aircraft: 42-50 aircraft USS Saipan (CVL-48) - Design Construction: In 1941, with World War II underway in Europe and growing tensions with Japan, President Franklin D. Roosevelt became increasingly worried that the US Navy did not anticipate any new carriers joining the fleet until 1944.   To remedy the situation, he ordered the General Board to examine whether any of the light cruisers then being built could be converted into carriers to reinforce the services Lexington- and Yorktown-class ships.   Though the initial report recommended against such conversions, Roosevelt pressed the issue and a design to utilize several Cleveland-class light cruiser hulls then under construction was developed.   Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 and the US entry into the conflict, the US Navy moved to accelerate the construction of the new  Essex-class fleet carriers and approved the conversion of several cruisers into light carriers. Dubbed the Independence-class, the nine carriers that resulted from the program possessed narrow and short flight decks as a result of their light cruiser hulls.   Limited in their capabilities, the primary advantage of the class was the speed with which they could be completed.   Anticipating combat losses among the Independence-class ships, the US Navy moved forward with an improved light carrier design.   Though intended as carriers from the outset, the design of what became the Saipan-class drew heavily from the hull shape and machinery used in the Baltimore-class heavy cruisers.   This allowed for a wider and longer flight deck and improved seakeeping.   Other benefits included a higher speed, better hull subdivision, as well as stronger armor and enhanced anti-aircraft defenses.   As the new class was larger, it was capable of carrying a more sizable air group than its predecessors.    The lead ship of  class, USS Saipan (CVL-48), was laid down at the New York Shipbuilding Company (Camden, NJ) on July 10, 1944.   Named for the recently fought Battle of Saipan, construction moved forward over the next year and the carrier slid down the ways on July 8, 1945, with Harriet McCormack, wife of House Majority Leader John W. McCormack, serving as sponsor.   As workers moved to complete Saipan, the war ended.   As a result, it was commissioned into the peacetime US Navy on July 14, 1946, with Captain John G. Crommelin in command.       USS Saipan (CVL-48) - Early Service: Completing shakedown operations, Saipan received an assignment to train new pilots off Pensacola, FL.   Remaining in this role from September 1946 through April 1947, it then was transferred north to Norfolk.   Following exercises in the Caribbean, Saipan joined the Operational Development Force in December.   Tasked with assessing experimental equipment and developing new tactics, the force reported to the commander-in-chief of the Atlantic Fleet.   Working with ODF, Saipan primarily focused on crafting operational practices for using new jet aircraft at sea as well as electronic instrument evaluation.   After brief break from this duty in February 1948 to transport a delegation to Venezuela, the carrier resumed its operations off the Virginia Capes. Made flagship of Carrier Division 17 on April 17, Saipan steamed north Quonset Point, RI to embark Fighter Squadron 17A.   Over the course of the next three days, the entirety of the squadron qualified in the FH-1 Phantom.   This made it the first fully-qualified, carrier-based jet fighter squadron in the US Navy.   Relieved of flagship duties in June, Saipan underwent an overhaul at Norfolk the following month.   Returning to service with ODF, the carrier embarked a pair of Sikorsky XHJS and three Piasecki HRP-1 helicopters in December and sailed north to Greenland to aid in the rescue of eleven airmen who had become stranded.   Arriving offshore on the 28th, it remained on station until the men were rescued.   After a stop in Norfolk, Saipan proceeded south Guantanamo Bay where it conducted exercises for two months before rejoining ODF. USS Saipan (CVL-48) - Mediterranean to the Far East: The spring and summer of 1949 saw Saipan continue duty with ODF as well as conduct reservist training cruises north to Canada while also carrier qualifying Royal Canadian Navy pilots.   After another year of operating off the Virginia coast, the carrier received orders to assume the post of flagship of Carrier Division 14 with the US Sixth Fleet.   Sailing for the Mediterranean, Saipan remained abroad for three months before steaming back to Norfolk.   Rejoining the US Second Fleet, it spent the next two years in the Atlantic and Caribbean.   In October 1953, Saipan was directed to sail for the Far East to aid in supporting the truce that had recently ended the Korean War.    Transiting the Panama Canal, Saipan touched at Pearl Harbor before arriving at Yokosuka, Japan.   Taking station off the Korean coast, the carriers aircraft flew  surveillance and reconnaissance missions to assess Communist activity.   During the winter, Saipan provided air cover for a Japanese convey transporting Chinese prisoners of war to Taiwan.   After taking part in exercises in the Bonins in March 1954, the carrier ferried twenty-five AU-1 (ground attack) model Chance Vought Corsairs and five  Sikorsky H-19 Chickasaw helicopters to Indochina for transfer to the French who were engaged in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu.   Completing this mission, Saipan delivered helicopters to US Air Force personnel in the Philippines before resuming its station off Korea.   Ordered home later that spring, the carrier departed Japan on May 25 and returned to Norfolk via the Suez Canal. USS Saipan (CVL-48) - Transition: That fall, Saipan steamed south on a mission of mercy following Hurricane Hazel.   Arriving off Haiti in mid-October, the carrier delivered a variety of humanitarian and medical aid to the ravaged country.   Departing on October 20, Saipan made port at Norfolk for an overhaul prior to operations in the Caribbean and a second stint as the training carrier at Pensacola.   In the fall of 1955, it again received orders to aid in hurricane relief and moved south to the Mexican coast.   Using its helicopters, Saipan assisted in evacuating civilians and distributed aid to the population around Tampico.   After several months at Pensacola, the carrier was directed to make for Bayonne, NJ for decommissioning on October 3, 1957.   Too small relative to the Essex-, Midway-, and new Forrestal-class fleet carriers, Saipan was placed in reserve.      Reclassified AVT-6 (aircraft transport) on May 15, 1959, Saipan found new life in March 1963.   Transferred south to the Alabama Drydock and Shipbuilding Company in Mobile, the carrier was slated to be converted into a command ship.   Initially re-designated CC-3,  Saipan was instead re-classified as a major communications relay ship (AGMR-2) on September 1, 1964.   Seven months later, on April 8, 1965, the ship was renamed USS Arlington in recognition of one of the US Navys first radio stations.   Re-commissioned on August 27, 1966, Arlington underwent fitting out and shakedown operations into the new year before taking part in exercises in the Bay of Biscay.   In the late spring of 1967, the ship made preparations to deploy to the Pacific to take part in the Vietnam War.      Ã‚      USS Arlington (AGMR-2) - Vietnam Apollo: Sailing on July 7, 1967, Arlington passed through the Panama Canal and touched in Hawaii, Japan, and the Philippines before taking up a station in the Gulf of Tonkin.   Making three patrols in the South China Sea that fall, the ship provided reliable communications handling for the fleet and supported combat operations in the region.   Additional patrols followed in early 1968 and Arlington also participated in exercises in the Sea of Japan as well as made port calls in Hong Kong and Sydney.   Remaining in the Far East for most of 1968, the ship sailed for Pearl Harbor in December and later played a support role in the recovery of Apollo 8.   Returning to the waters off Vietnam in January, it continued to operate in the region until April when it departed to aid in the recovery of Apollo 10.    With this mission complete, Arlington sailed for Midway Atoll to provide communications support for a meeting between President Richard Nixon and South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu on June 8, 1969.   Briefly resuming its mission off Vietnam on June 27, the ship was again withdrawn the following month to aid NASA.   Arriving at Johnston Island, Arlington embarked Nixon on July 24 and then supported the return of Apollo 11.   With the successful recovery of Neil Armstrong and his crew, Nixon transferred to USS Hornet (CV-12) to meet with the astronauts.   Departing the area, Arlington sailed for Hawaii before departing for the West Coast.    Arriving at Long Beach, CA on August 29, Arlington then moved south to San Diego to begin the process of inactivation.   Decommissioned on January 14, 1970, the former carrier was stricken from the Navy List on August 15, 1975.   Briefly held, it was sold for scrap by the Defense Reutilization and Marketing Service on June 1, 1976.    Selected Sources DANFS: USS  Saipan  (CVL-48)NavSource: USS  Saipan  (CVL-48)USS  Saipan  (CV-48) Association

A global city Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A global city - Essay Example Hong Kong is a Chinese city found in the southern coast enclosed by Pearl River delta and the southern China Sea (Liu 209). The city has a land mass of 1,104 Km2 with a population of close to seven million people, making it one of the most populated cities globally This enormous city acts as a major route for commercial purposes besides unlocking significant parts of Asia to the global metropolis (Wing-kai Chiu 3). The city has a capitalist’s outstanding economy made up of low taxes and no trade barrier. The city’s currency the Hong Kong dollar is the eighth most traded currency worldwide (Louie 197). The city ranks second globally due to its good and well maintained ports that dock ships from all varied states. Hong Kong’s way of governance is also peculiar and very intriguing (Louie 197). It has a chief executive who is the head mainly appointed by a committee of 400 to 1200 members (Louie 197). The chief executive is the head of government although china claim s to be a multiparty state (Wing-kai Chiu 1). Besides its way of governance and the captivating ports, the city also gets credit from building great international air flights that host planes from different states globally (Louie 214). In addition, expatriate children residing in Hong Kong claim to enjoy learning in its various superb international primary, secondary and tertiary institutions that offer top quality education in Hong Kong (Louie 214). The city also enjoys the outstanding services of â€Å"top 40† co-operations that work tirelessly to make the global city’s economy flourish (Reiber, 48). ... Therefore, it hosts hosts many tourists annually than any other city globally (Wing-kai Chiu 1). This is due the decision made by its tourism board to adopt the Hong Kong Asia’s World City to highlight the city’s vibrant and cosmopolitan lifestyle (Reiber, 45). Besides, Hong Kong has an awesome cultural fusion and diversity from different cultures (Reiber, 29). The â€Å"culture† and â€Å"ethos† of its institutions entails flexibility that makes the institutions and decorations extremely attractive to tourists and those who may be touring the city for varied reasons (Reiber, 29). This is because most those residing in Hong Kong exhibit mixed up comprising of both east and western cultures (Chan 107). This enables every traveler from any part of the world might be able to find a place in Hong Kong where they do not feel foreign. This turns out to be extremely intriguing to many tourists. In addition, the city’s crafting designs are products of the e xciting duality of both modern cities’ vitality merged together with traditional society historical colors and richness. This extends to other factors like shopping, entertainment, arts, history, festivals and remarkable events (Reiber, 29). In addition, the global city is also rich in beautiful and breath taking white snowed mountains, still sandy beaches to the idyllic islands like Lantau and Lamma islands (Reiber, 31). Another uniqueness of Hong Kong city is in the kind of transportation characterizing the entire city. It has about 7 million residents but only about three hundred thousand private vehicles ply in the city’s roads. Many residents prefer using public transport because the city is a public transit utopia. This is evident from the big buses,

Motivation - Staying ahead of the competition ( Chapter 6) Essay

Motivation - Staying ahead of the competition ( Chapter 6) - Essay Example Recognition of gaining achievements during work is highly valued by employees and this boosts up the morale level of employees to a very large extent. Employees if motivated tend to remain highly satisfied with their working conditions. The Maslow’s hierarchy theory is a very good tool which is used for deducing the required motivation factors for the employees of the organization. Empowerment towards taking decisions of one’s job is highly motivating factor for the employees. They feel quite satisfied once they are in control of their tasks and have the autonomy to conduct the task accordingly. It is a strong stand point for the organization if they have set their goals in alignment and in consideration with the goals of their employees. If there is a point of interest of the employees towards achieving the goals for the organization, then there are high chances that the employees will be strongly motivated towards accomplishing their tasks. Strong and influential leaders possess the talent of motivating the employees to work harder. Motivated employees tend to produce better results and this in the short run as well as in the long run tend to allow the organization to remain ahead of the competition. In competitive environments, leaders tend to face difficulties in motivating their employees but with a positive attitude and delegating a strong sense of responsibility towards the employees, the organization can take its path towards success by the hard work of employees. While working in the organization, different types of conflicts may arise during working policies or decisions taking by management. Leaders should possess skills so that they can smartly deal with the conflicts that have taken place. If conflicts are resolved on a proper note then this motivates the employees to have a positive image of the organization as well as their management. Instilling a sense of positive humor and fun with

Professional Development Plan Essay Example for Free

Professional Development Plan Essay The group members of Learning Team D 3 took a DISC assessment test to determine their personality styles, strengths and weaknesses, and areas that need enhancement. The group members are (Antonia, Brenda, Matthew, Robin, Steven). The Professional Development Plan will give a description of the strengths, and weaknesses each personality styles, individualities each styles share, and characteristics that may cause conflict, and how each styles can work together for the betterment of the organization. As well as to show how I, the manager can improve my abilities to lead from each team member. The DISC assessment generated two personality types within the group: Cautious, and Dominance. Three out of the five members of the group including my-self are labeled as Cautious. The Cautious strengths entails independence, dependable, good listeners, ask numerous questions over critical information, and are good at follow-through, they want perfection, and tend to be tense with themselves and others when under pressure, they have a natural curiosity about people, and are concerned about what people expect, think, and feel, they have strong affections to their personal interests, undervaluing the time required to complete tasks, being intuitive and observant about situations and people, they tend to associate their self-worth with their work accomplishments, and are intrigued by concepts, ideas and processes. They are known for being assessors and tend to have strong opinions about people and groups with whom they do not agree or identify. Their weaknesses of Cautious are they tend to work at a slow pace, unlike The Dominance personality types who are goal-oriented, fast-paced, take authority, and willing to challenge outdated thinking and ideas. Dominance weaknesses are what make them stand out from Cautious personality type. Dominance is not afraid to bend the rules; they become annoyed with delays, and prefer to ask for forgiveness than ask for permission to make certain decision on assignments. In order for each group member to work together as a team; it is important to first understand each member’s strengths and weaknesses and utilize them as a tool for the group  to accomplish their goal. Evaluating the different personality types I’ve come to the conclusion that Dominance and Cautious types are similar in personality traits, they are both problem solvers, efficien t, productive, independent, and have the same sense of irritations. The only differences between these two types are the pace in which they choose to work. The Cautious style prefers to work at a slower pace whilst, the Dominance style prefers to work at faster pace. Subsequently, understanding each personality styles, the characteristics of each member, and what each group has in common. We now need to utilize each of these characteristics and use them as a tool to accomplish our goals. For example, if our group was working for a financial organization, the Cautious types would be best place in a Human Resources position or even in the Marketing department. Those positions require individuals that possess such traits as being detail oriented, independent workers, and follow-through on certain types of assignments. Dominance type would be greater in managerial positions, for they like to take charge, and are comfortable in a fast paced environment; they are willing to take on challenges head on, and don’t mind taking risks. In order for the organization to run smoothly all these positions need each other in order to become succes sful, and to work as a team. Even though my personality style is Cautious I feel a good leader is usually passionate about the organization and his or her work, exudes confidence in his or her abilities, can organizes and makes sense of complex situations, maintains high standards and inspires others to do the same, can motivate and inspire employees, and is generally looked up to as a person of vision (Hill, 2009). This is a quote I feel strongly about and would want to base my leadership style on. I agree with the whole statement it expresses, and feel I can be inspirational with my group and motivate them to accomplish our goals. As a leader, I look forward to learning the skills that are required in order to become a better leader/manager. The DISC assessment has shown the different characteristics each personality styles possess. There are numerous traits each type shared, and a few that could cause conflicts, we must learn that we are all different individuals who have different learning styles and traits, as a result, we much learn from each other in order to grow and become better individuals, and need to help each other to be better individuals whether in work or educational environment. It is imperative  that each group member have an understanding on how to rely on each other even though there is discomfort with the various types of personalities. My capability to lead the team will be based on my willingness to learn from each team member and to understand that we should work as a team and not as an independent person on a project. All of the information provided above plan will be supervised closely, with periodic meetings organized in order to allow employees to give their views, opinion and concerns about various topics, that way it will help to ensure that full compliance is being achieved. I believe it is imperative that regular (weekly) monitoring is performed to make sure that the organization stays on track on all assignments, and concerns are being discussed, this will help ensure the long term success of the organization, and recognizing each individual’s style, as well as their strengths, and weaknesses will permit a more personal and individualized approach taken in regards to team dynamics and goal achievement. Reference Alessandra, Tony, Ph.D., and Michael J. O’Connor, Ph.D. 1996. The Platinum Rule ®. New York, NY: Warner Books. DISC Test and DISC Assessment: Explained. (2013). Retrieved from https://www.discinsights.com/whatisdisc#.VBMXGGOEzSg Hill, C. (2009). NY Daily News. Retrieved from http://www.nydailynews.com/2.1353/ effective-leader-article-1.372028 Robbins, S. P., Judge, T. A. (2013). Organizational Behavior (15th ed.). : Pearson. University of Phoenix. (2014). DISC Assessments [Multimedia]. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, LDR531 website.

Post World War Two :: WWII World War 2 Essays

Directly after World War II the US effectively â€Å"shut the door† on all communist nations. A red scare descended on the US as the iron curtain enclosed around Eastern Europe. Mistrust and misunderstanding led to decades of arms races and close calls with a people that helped us to defeat Hitler and Japan. Meanwhile, the â€Å"open door† in China was slammed in our faces by our own ignorance and suspicion. Though the confrontationist policy of the US may have been an effective tool to use in wartime while dealing with a dictator, it was not correct to use in peacetime. By misconstruing Stalin’s actions after World War II the US lost any chance of amiable relations. The US first misunderstood Stalin’s annexation of the Baltic republics. Moreover, a desire to have a buffer zone between the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe was mistaken by the West as aggressive Communist imperialism along the lines of Hitler’s pre-war expansion. Granted, Stalin did harbor desires to spread his ideology, as did we. However, his desire to defend the vulnerability that had been exploited so many times was the rationale behind the occupation of Poland. Moreover, the United States’ history of ideological imperialism is much longer and more â€Å"colorful† than that of the Soviets. Anti-Communist sentiments in the US government as well as the population fueled by misinformation cost the US any type of association with the Soviets. The post-war was the perfect time to become friendly with the Soviets. The Russians were decimated by the war and needed all the help they could get. Stalin’s possible acceptance of accommodation, though only out of necessity, could have been used by the US to gain ground in Asia. However, like always, our own paranoia catalyzed by confrontationist propaganda cost us any hopes of a relationship. A history of anti-Communist feelings compounded by this type of ignorance also led the US to lose all relations with China. By making the assumption that Mao ZeTung’s brand of communism was the same as that of the Bolsheviks, the US lost a potentially powerful ally. If the US had been more careful, if we had trusted those whose job it was to know, the division between the communism in Be-jing and the communism in Moscow would have been clear. Even if mistrust towards the Soviets remained the US still could have had some type of relationship with Mao’s China.

The Interaction Between Heredity and Environment

Have you ever wondered why people resemble their parents? The answer to this and other questions about inheritance lies in a specialized branch of biology called genetics. Geneticist found that most aspects of life have a hereditary basis and that many traits can appear in more than one form. For instance, human beings have blond, or red, or brown, or black hair. They may have one of several different types of blood, one or several colors of skin. Their ear lobes may be attached or free. They may or may not be able to manufacture certain enzymes.Some of these traits are much more important to the life of the individual than others, but all of them are hereditary. The geneticist is interested not only in the traits of man but in those of all other organisms as well. The study of inheritance depends on the differences as well as the similarities between parents and offspring over several generations. Heredity is very complex, and a geneticist cannot possibly analyze all the traits of a n organism at once. Instead, he studies only a few traits at a time. Many other traits are present.As the geneticists work out the solution to each hereditary mystery, the geneticist must not forget that all organisms live in a complex environment. The environment may affect the degree to which a hereditary trait develops. The geneticist must try to find out which of the many parts of the environment may affect his results. The factors must be kept as constant as possible by using controlled experiments. Only then can he tell that the differences observed are due to heredity. Heredity determines what an organism may become, not what it will become. What an organism becomes depends on both its heredity and environment.The modern science of genetics started with the work of Gregor Mendel. He found that a certain factor in a plant cell determined the traits the plant would have. Thirty years after his discovery this determines was given the name gene. Of the traits Mendel studied, he c alled dominant those at showed up in the offspring and recessive those The question I will ask is: how much of the variability observed between different individuals is due to hereditary differences between them, and how much to differences in the environments under which the individuals developed?In most organisms, including man, genetics information is transmitted from mother to daughter cells and from one generation to the next by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Knowledge of the heredity or inheritance of plants and animals is important in many phases of our life. The question I will ask is: How much of the variability observed between different individuals is due to hereditary differences between them, and how much to differences in the environments under which the individuals developed?The purpose of designing a unit on ? Heredity And Environment? is to help students learn more about themselves. They will learn why they develop into the kind of individual they are. The unit will d iscuss heredity traits and environmental conditions, chromosomes, DNA, studies of identical twins, and several diseases linked to heredity and environment. The students will do some hands on activities by constructing a model which represents DNA. They will explore plants with the exact same heredity and plants with different heredity.They will change the conditions in the environment to see the way the plant organisms with the same heredity may develop differently in different environments and why organisms with different heredity develop in the matter in which they do. Heredity is not the only thing that effects development. The environment also has an important effect. The unit can be taught to students in grades five through eight. The science and math teachers are encouraged to use a team teaching approach. Other features that will be included in the unit are content, lesson plans, resources, reading list and a bibliography.Genes and DNA DNA, short for deoxyribonucleic acid, ma kes up the genes that transmits hereditary traits. The DNA molecule looks like a long, twisted rope ladder. This is called the double helix. The ladder is made up of two coiled strands with rungs between them. The rungs are composed of pairs of chemicals in different combinations. Each combination carries instructions like the dot and dashes of the Morse Code. Each gene in the body is a DNA section with full set of instructions for guiding the formation of just one particular protein. The different proteins made by the genes direct the body? functions throughout a person? s life. DNA is made of six parts: a sugar, a mineral (phosphate), and four special chemicals called bases. These bases are represented as A;T;C; and G. Sugar and phosphate form the chains, or sides, of the staircase. The A;G;C and T bases form the steps. See figure 1. Each step is made of two pieces, which are always paired the same way. The A base always pairs with the T base. And the G base always pairs with the C base. Figure 1. DNA Structure (figure available in print form) DNA Reproduces Itself Two new identical DNAs are immediately formed.The A,G,C, and T bases on each chain attract loose bases found floating within the nucleus. Ts attract As and Cs attract Gs. The two new DNAs are just like the original DNA. Each strand directs the synthesis of a complementary strand. The replication of DNA is the key to heredity, the passing of traits from parents to offspring. DNA replication results in the formation of new reproductive cells. It also results in the formation of new cells, which is important for the growth of an organism. See Fig. 2. Figure 2. (figure available in print form) Watson-Crick?DNA Replication-Redrawn from version in Levine, Genetics, Holt, Rinehart, Winston, 1968. Chromosomes Genes and chromosomes provide the genetic link between generations. Chromosomes are strands of DNA and protein found in the nucleus of virtually every cell, but with few exceptions seen only during t he process of cell division. The number of chromosomes in a cell is characteristic of the species. Some have very few, whereas others may have more than a hundred. Ordinarily, every cell in the body of an organism contains the same number of chromosomes.The most important exception is found in the case of gametes where half the usual number is found. Human beings have 46 chromosomes in each cell, with the exception of the spermatozoa in males and the ova in females, each of which has 23 chromosomes. Human chromosomes occur in pairs, the total 46 consisting of 23 pairs; 22 pairs of autosomes which are non-sex determining chromosomes. The member of a pair are essentially identical, with the exception of sex chromosomes in males, and each pair is different from any other pair. Plants and animals inherit chromosomes from their parents.Each plant and animal cell has a set of chromosomes. Chromosomes, then, control the heredity of an organism. They carry the blueprint that determines what kind of organism will develop. Some Relationship Between Heredity And Environment Organisms can transmit some hereditary conditions to their offspring even if the parents do not show the trait. In the small, familiar fruit fly. Drosophila, there is a hereditary trait in which the wings curl up sharply if the files are raised at a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius. If, however, the files are raised at a lower temperature, such as 16 degrees Celsius then the trait rarely appears.The wings seem to be straight, and the flies look normal. The genetic trait is there, however, and will reappear in the next generation if the temperature returns to 25 degrees Celsius. See fig. 3. A similar type of inheritance appears in plants. In some types of corn the kernels will remain yellow until they are exposed to sunlight. Once exposed, the kernels become various shades of red and purple. Some traits do not appear to be affected by the environment. One of the first hereditary traits studied in huma ns was polydactyly. An individual with polydactyly has more than ten figures or toes.See fig. 4. This trait does not seem to be affected by the environment at all. Other human traits like color blindness, baldness, blood type, skin color, the ability to taste certain substances, the presence or absence of hairs on the middle of the fingers, and free or attached ear lobes do not seem to be influenced by the environment. (figure available in print form) Figure 3? This diagram shows how temperature affects curly-wing trait in Drosophila. If the third generation of curly-winged flies had been raised in 16? C environment.Source:Redrawn from Biological Science, Houghton, Mifflin Co. , Boston, 1963, p. 379. Figure 4? An example of polydactyly. Extra digits on either hands or feet are almost always abnormal in structure. (figure available in print form) Source: Biological Science, Houghton Mifflin Co. , Boston, 1963. p. 380. A common cited example of an environmental effect on phenotype is the coloring of Siamese Cats, although these cats have a genotype for dark fur, the enzymes that produce the dark coloring function best at temperatures below the normal body temperature of the cat.Siamese Cats are noted for the dark markings on their ears, nose, paws, tail, and all areas that have a low body temperature. If the hair on the cat? s belly is shaved and an ice pack is applied, the replacement hair will be dark. Likewise, a shaved tail, kept at higher than normal temperatures, would soon be covered with light colored fur. These changes are temporary, however, unless the ice pack or heat source is maintained permanently. The most celebrated effect of an environmental agent directly affecting the unborn, is that produced by the rubella virus.This German measles virus is capable of crossing the placenta from mother to child, and the prenatal infection, if it occurs early enough, may result in deafness and other damage to the child. Similarly, maternal infection with the ra re protozoan parasite Toxoplasma can cause serious congenital defects in the fetus, and the same has been suspected for Asian influenza. Another environmental factor is anoxia. Anoxia is a natural hazard of childbirth, and in most cases the infant makes a normal adjustment to it.When infants suffer from delayed respiration or asphyxia during birth, it is widely accepted that this is responsible for later difficulties such neurologic abnormalities. Warburton and Fraser have emphasized that the development of a fetus depends on a precise and extremely intricate system of interactions between two sets of hereditary factors and two environments, all acting at the same time on the growing baby. The mother and the fetus each have their own environment and their own genotype.

Newspapers’ role in society Essay

Mass media is a distinctive element of today’s society. Together, the different elements are a product of societal change, forced regulations, rising living standards, and technological modernization. Mass media includes mediums such as magazines, television, internet, radio, cinema, video games, and cellular telephones. The ability to mass communicate with these devices has had such a massive impact that Denis McQuail describes that â€Å"the mass media has primary and crucial importance for the integration of the diverse secular worlds of modern men into coherence and unity† (32). There is no doubt among theorists that media is influencing society, but there are different theories that suggest that it may be society influencing media, not media influencing society. This essay shall look at newspapers’ past and present, and how they will continue to affect the world we live in. In the early 1950s after WWII, American communication made deep inroads into Europe, and words like â€Å"mass†, â€Å"effects†, and â€Å"functions† organized research on both sides of the Atlantic (Curran 407). Almost a decade later, some of the biggest research took place in 1959, when Elihu Katz argued that people need to concentrate less on what the media do to people and more on what people do with media (McQuail 71). Dennis McQuail sides with Katz, in believing that peoples contact with media is of utmost importance, stating, â€Å"media is helping in enabling people to bring about a more satisfying relationship between themselves and the people around them† (71). The views are across the board, pointing in both directions, but research continues even today as to what extent life is changing because of emerging technologies. Not only the substance of what is being communicated is important, but just as vital is the process. Technological innovations have assisted in supplying content for our media forms, and also the circuits and motherboards of how they are made are affecting the ways which society operates. Both aspects have a hand in the creation of the world we live in today, and should be realized when reading this essay. Mass media first appeared on the scene as newspapers. The newspaper was the first medium of communication with a genuinely mass character. U.S newspaper firms had slow growth until the 1800s. It was in the 1830s that the population concentration in cities and the spread of mass literacy provided  a market for mass press (Wells 7). The news could finally be spread on paper, rather than word of mouth. The entire world was suddenly in-the-know about what was happening around them. Newspapers made the transition from the realm of the educated, to serving a wide range of people from this time thought the Civil War (Grant, Meadows 8). The development of advertising, telegraph, and improved production methods have assisted newspapers in reaching a worldwide audience, and eventually being the main source of news for years to come. To this day 97% of towns have only one newspaper to choose from for local news (Wells 7). This idea of newspaper monopolies is discouraging to the market, because only one view is being seen on the issue. No single company is at fault though, because starting a newspaper or radio station these days requires far more investment and risk then in previous years. Despite other forms of news, the newspapers industry is still growing today. In 2002, there were over 10,000 newspaper firms in the United States, and over half the country reading a newspaper daily (Grant, Meadows 9). The future of newspapers looks to be heading toward the digital world, against many wishes of traditional newspaper readers. Flexibility from digital methods has increased newspapers’ ability to deliver zoned editions that reduce unprofitable readership in areas far away from print facilities (Grant, Meadows 10). By the end of the 20th century, over two-thirds of U.S. newspapers maintained websites that offered classified advertising (Grant, Meadows 10). According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, the majority of the population prefers to purchase the printed edition rather than viewing the electronic edition (Grant, Meadows 11). This may change though, because digital news is rather new, and websites such as cnn.com can be updated on the hour informing viewers of up-to-the minute news, instead of waiting for the next days edition to receive that same news. McQuail, Denis. Towards a Sociology of Mass Communication. London. MacMillian Publishers Limited, 1968 Curran, James, Gurevitich, Michael, Woolacott, Janet. Mass Communication and Society. 1st ed. London: Edward Arnold Publishers, 1979 Katz, Elihu, Szecsko, Tamas. Mass Media and Social Change. London: Sage.1981 Wells, Alan. Mass Media and Society. Palo Alto, National Press Books. 1972 Grant, August and Jennifer Meadows. Communication Technology Update. Oxford: Focal Press, 2004.

Spark of the Great Strike essays

Spark of the Great Strike essays On July 16th several firemen and brakemen on The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad refused to work the trains and caused a massive buildup of train traffic in Camden Junction just outside of Baltimore. The strikers gave their reason for striking; a 10 percent wage cut taking affect that day. (NY Times) The strikers overtook trains and there was even a report of a beating taking place of a fireman who continued to work. The company had been prepared for a strike and a force of 40 police officers was sent to disperse the strikers. Strikers refusing to go back to work were quickly replaced and the trains were quickly running again after the delay. The town of Martinsburg, Maryland was to be the focus of many train workers in the area to make a stand. (Bruce) The town was basically built around the railroad. Most of the residents worked for the railroad and were upset that wages were not higher. Residents of the town had resentment for the leaders of the railroad. They believed that the few leaders had too much pay for themselves. This growing dissatisfaction was fueled by the new wage cut. Martinsburgs police force was very small making it the optimal spot for resistance. After news of the failed strike in Baltimore had spread, a group of workers led by Richard Zepp, a railroad brakeman who had grown up in Martinsburg, sparked a strike by abandoning a cattle train and taking a stand by saying that no trains would be allowed to leave in either direction until the 10 percent wage cut was lifted. The mayor of the town ordered the ringleaders of the strike to be arrested. The crowd had grown in numbers and had become ra ther excited, the police were helpless to do anything. Noone could be found who would attempt to take out the train. By nightfall the yard was surrendered to the strikers. When morning came a few strikebreakers were found, they attempted to move the cattle train out of the yard, they were immediately met w...

A Strained Research team

Based on the skills approach, how would you assess Dr. Wood’s leadership and his relationship to the members of the Elder Care Project team? Will the project be successful? Dr. Adam Wood is the main investigator of a 3year project called the Elder Care Project. Reading about his behavior, it is visible that Dr. Wood has no human skills which may end up affecting his team and lead to a failure of the project. 2. Does Dr. Wood has the skills necessary to be an effective leader of this research team? Dr. Wood has excellent technical skills and conceptual skills. For this project in particular, he would give advice on research design, methodology question, theoretical formulations, and besides that he could see the big picture on research projects. But human skills are very important to make people work as a team, and keep them motivated and focused to achieve the goals. To be a leader of a research team there is definitely a need for someone that can have that skill to keep the team up and doing the work. Since there is no one doing that job, it explains why people are frustrated. They are working hard and they don’t find incentive, motivational words, or good comments on the big effort they are making. That’s one of the biggest reasons as to why the project may lead to failure. 3. The skills model describes three important competencies for leaders: problem-solving skills, social judgment skills, ad knowledge. If you were to coach Dr. Wood using this model, what competencies would you address with him? What Changes would you suggest that he make in his leadership? Dr. Wood has important knowledge but his social judgment and problem solving skills seems to be very weak, and this is definitely something that he needs to work on as a leader. Those social judgments skills are the ones that will help to improve his interaction with the colleagues and make him understand how they see things and what their needs are. I suggest that he starts talking positively about his project and how successful it will be when it is finished. He should also start praising the members on their hard work, encourage them to share knowledge and point of view, and convince them that the goals are feasible, achievable, and attainable. Even though the members were spending 20%-30% more time in this project than what was expected, the team still believed in the project until their main leader started to put all the motivation down by his comments.

Incidence of Income Tax Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Incidence of Income Tax - Term Paper Example Under the progressive income tax policy (a progressive tax takes a larger share of the income of high-income taxpayers than of low-income taxpayers).   The incidence of the tax is shifted more on the high-income group than to the low-income group (Samuelson and Nordhaus 1992). Following are the effects of taxation on income: Under progressive income tax policy, ya family with $50,000 income is taxed more than one with $20,000 of income. Not only does the higher-income family pay a larger income tax, but it in fact pays a higher fraction of its income. Such income tax policies are aimed to minimize the distortions between haves and have-nots. It influences the consumption patterns of higher-income families and affects overall consumption patterns of an economy. On the other hand, progressive income taxation policies are politically controversial issues and are regularly used in electoral campaigns. A larger share of the burden of VAT falls upon the consumers because the producer/manufacturer (VAT registered persons or companies) pass on the financial impact of such a tax on to the consumers. Suppose that a product, say the laptop, has been imposed a VAT. The burden of this tax imposition will not be born by the supplier or manufacturer of the laptops rather it will be passed on to its customers by raising the price of laptops by the percentage of the tax imposed. The ultimate consumer bears the burden of VAT and it’s him whose consumption is being affected through a value-added tax. Advantages: Registration for VAT makes an overall good impression for your company. Since large corporations usually register for VAT, therefore, if a newly established company registers itself for VAT, the customers, and for that matter suppliers, heed it as an established, large company. Registration for VAT also has financial benefits. If a newly-established company registers for VAT then it automatically avoids the penalties for non-registering when it becomes legally mandatory to register for VAT. It is a precautionary step.